International law

The principle of ‘common heritage of mankind’ began to emerge in the 1960s, with the purpose to define certain areas of territory as being outside the exclusive jurisdiction of any one state (Holmila, 2005). The principle of ‘common heritage of mankind’ has been evolved by the international community as response to jurisdictional claims by states over terra nullius areas in the world (Noyes, 2011). Until the passage of the UNCLOS in 1982, there were many other resolutions, particularly by the UN General Assembly, which called for the recognising of the deep sea bed and ocean floor as the common heritage of mankind (Rothwell & Stephens, 2016).

The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh, have gone through a tumultuous period of violence. This region is home to the indigenous, ethnic population of Bangladesh. Although people belonging to different communities, are indigenous to this region, they are now collectively identified as ‘Jumma’ people. The word ‘Jumma’ is derived from the farming practices of the Hill peoples, which is called as Jum farming or slash and burn farming. As such, the term ‘Jumma’ has come to become a term used for the collective identity of all the indigenous Hill peoples of the CHT region. The construction of this collective self-identity as Jumma is very important.

It is a basic principle of natural justice that no man shall be condemned unheard and every man has a right to an impartial adjudicator. Arbitration process inculcates this principle and it requires a fundamental policy that arbitrator should remain neutral, independent and impartial. International Court of Arbitration provides that due process and fair hearing is required for passing independent and impartial arbitration awards.

International law has evolved to a great extent in the years since the Second World War, wherein certain principles of international law have gained the status of jus cogens, or peremptory principles of law. Protection of human rights is one of such principles to have gained the status of jus cogens.

This dissertation examines the extent to which women can succeed in leading and bringing peace and stability in the 21st century. That women can play an important role in fostering peace and security has been accepted in principle.[1] Such a role would require women to occupy leadership positions, which would allow them to guide national and international efforts in this direction. However, women do face barriers in acquiring such leadership positions. This dissertation is aimed at examining the importance of the role that women can play in fostering peace and security and the barriers in their way of playing such role.

The Uncitral Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration as amended in 2006 does not make the requirement of an arbitration agreement to be in writing in a strict and technical sense. It does provide that the arbitration agreement should be in writing.

On September 11, 2001, the day that the collective consciousness of the world has designated as ‘9/11’, the United States suffered the deadliest terror attack in recent world history, leading to the death of almost 3000 people. The attacks also led to the US government declaring a ‘war on terror’.

Non-state actors and rebels – Personality in international law The Syrian Opposition Council (SOC) is the principal opposition coalition. Is SOC a legitimate representative of the Syrian people? This is one of the principle requirements for the recognition of such opposition groups under international law. Talmon points out that the SOC has received recognition as the representative of Syrian people, in 6 capacities with varying legal significance. The Gulf Cooperation Council has recognised the legitimacy of the SOC

Non-state actors and rebels – Personality in international law The Syrian Opposition Council (SOC) is the principal opposition coalition. Is SOC a legitimate representative of the Syrian people? This is one of the principle requirements for the recognition of such opposition groups under international law. Talmon points out that the SOC has received recognition as the representative of Syrian people, in 6 capacities with varying legal significance. The Gulf Cooperation Council has recognised the legitimacy of the SOC

Language is a powerful medium for expressing ideas, interchanging thoughts and communicating. Language is also a powerful medium for driving social and political change. When politicians and media use language to express and analyse the political and social events that are important within their society, they are capable of creating a big impact on the minds of the people and the society.

The rights of Minorities and indigenous peoples have received considerable attention from the International law and consequently from scholars and commentators writing on international law. As such, this topic provides good scope for a literature review.

The UK has several attributes of a liberal state that distinguishes it from authoritarian or totalitarian states. An important characteristic of a liberal state is the avoidance of conservatism or restrictive attitude in policy making and administration. In the UK, this is evidenced by the fact that the policy is made in a way that reflects the multiplicity of ideas and views that are a part of the UK society (Jones & Norton, 2014) .

TInternational Commercial Terms (Incoterms) are published by the International Chamber of Commerce. These terms facilitate the conduct of global trade and contain rules that are to be followed in domestic as well as international trade (Hosking, 2016, p. 12) . The Incoterms 2010 explains both the (Cost, Insurance, Freight) CIF as well as FOB (Free on Board) contracts. Both CIF as well as FOB are rules for sea and inland waterways only.

To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and inter- national law, adjustment or settlement of inter- national disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace.

The inter-relativity between conflict and religion has become a prominent point of discussion within the broader areas of discourse on war and even terrorism. The world after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) has seen a resurgence of interest in the religious discourse on conflict and war. There is therefore a change from the secular discourse on war, which had been prominent due to previous century’s world wars and the international law responses to the same, which were focused on the secular aspects of war and conflict, such as international humanitarian law.

International commercial disputes have become a common phenomenon due to the prevalence of international commerce in a globalised world. The effect of globalisation on the way business is conducted and the growing trend of multinational companies operating in multiple locations of the world has made business more seamless in the respect of markets and economy. Business disputes in the globalised world often involve parties situated in two or more jurisdictions and often involve complicated and difficult questions related to conflicts of law and jurisdiction.